Hostile architecture, also known as defensive or exclusionary design, is an urban planning strategy that uses physical elements in the built environment to restrict specific behaviors and discourage people—particularly unhoused individuals, skateboarders, and youth—from lingering in public spaces. Common examples include public benches with divided armrests or steep slanted surfaces, sharp metal spikes installed in building alcoves and timed sprinklers or sonic deterrents

Hostile architecture, also known as defensive or exclusionary design, is an urban planning strategy that uses physical elements in the built environment to restrict specific behaviors and discourage people—particularly unhoused individuals, skateboarders, and youth—from lingering in public spaces. Common examples include public benches with divided armrests or steep slanted surfaces, sharp metal spikes installed in building alcoves and timed sprinklers or sonic deterrents

Logotherapy is a form of psychotherapy developed by Viktor Frankl that focuses on helping individuals find meaning and purpose in life, even in the face of suffering and hardship. One of its core techniques is dereflection, which involves shifting one’s focus away from personal problems and redirecting it toward finding meaningful goals or experiences beyond oneself. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on learning how to challenge negative thought patterns and behaviours within a person. In contrast with logotherapy, it involves shifting one's focus internally to identify, analyse and improve one's negative thought patterns

Logotherapy is a form of psychotherapy developed by Viktor Frankl that focuses on helping individuals find meaning and purpose in life, even in the face of suffering and hardship. One of its core techniques is dereflection, which involves shifting one’s focus away from personal problems and redirecting it toward finding meaningful goals or experiences beyond oneself. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on learning how to challenge negative thought patterns and behaviours within a person. In contrast with logotherapy, it involves shifting one's focus internally to identify, analyse and improve one's negative thought patterns

Government funding agencies (e.g., Fonds de recherche du Québec, Conseil national de recherche en sciences naturelles et d'ingénierie, National Science Foundation) are largely responsible for allocating scientific funding worldwide. They have very limited budgets, which they distribute through grant competitions submitted by researchers or institutions. Each year, they have the choice of funding a few large projects (e.g., space telescopes, laboratories, large-scale and long-term programs, etc.) or several small ones (e.g., doctoral projects, equipment and materials purchases, short-term or small-sample studies, etc.) scientific projects

Government funding agencies (e.g., Fonds de recherche du Québec, Conseil national de recherche en sciences naturelles et d'ingénierie, National Science Foundation) are largely responsible for allocating scientific funding worldwide. They have very limited budgets, which they distribute through grant competitions submitted by researchers or institutions. Each year, they have the choice of funding a few large projects (e.g., space telescopes, laboratories, large-scale and long-term programs, etc.) or several small ones (e.g., doctoral projects, equipment and materials purchases, short-term or small-sample studies, etc.) scientific projects

The norm of linearity is a dominant characteristic of Western culture. For example, it manifests itself in the perception of time as linear rather than cyclical, in orthogonal and square architecture, in the advocacy of linear and rational thinking, in scientific reductionism, in the linear hierarchization of things, and in a linear vision of human progress.

The norm of linearity is a dominant characteristic of Western culture. For example, it manifests itself in the perception of time as linear rather than cyclical, in orthogonal and square architecture, in the advocacy of linear and rational thinking, in scientific reductionism, in the linear hierarchization of things, and in a linear vision of human progress.

A long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away, the Galactic Empire, an authoritarian state, has taken control of thousands of systems, replacing the once- democratic Galactic Republic. Across the Galaxy, multiple rebel cells have formed, challenging the authority of the Empire and conducting resistance against it. For the purposes of this debate, you are Mon Mothma, the senator for the planet Chandrila. You have secretly been supporting the Rebellion for years, primarily through covert financial channels. In the wake of the Gorman Massacre, which the Empire has tried to frame as the suppression of an insurrection, you have been asked to make a speech before the Senate condemning the regime and its actions. Such a speech would be widely understood as a major public break with the Empire and as openly siding with the Rebellion. You have been guaranteed personal safe passage off-world immediately after making the speech

Redwater is a high-crime city with a major gang presence. This morning, Redwater’s mayor was found dead, stabbed repeatedly inside the house he’d lived in for years. For this debate, the mayor’s murderer is one of these two suspects:

[[Suspect 1]]: A member of the city’s largest, most notorious gang. The mayor campaigned on aggressively cracking down on the gang. During the mayor’s two months in office, Redwater’s police department arrested hundreds of gang members and seized millions of dollars' worth of illegal drugs from the gang. and [[Suspect 2]]: The chief executive of a midsize computer software company that’s headquartered in the city. The computer software executive and the mayor were friends for many years, but their friendship became increasingly fraught after the mayor took office. Two days before the murder, the mayor told the executive he'd cancel the city’s multi-million-dollar contract with the software company and strongly recommend that the city's chief prosecutor open a criminal investigation into the executive for felony tax evasion. The day before the murder, the mayor publicly condemned the executive as “greedy and corrupt,” but at the time of the murder, he hadn't yet canceled the contract or recommended the criminal investigation to the chief prosecutor.

[Details about the crime]]

The mayor’s body was stabbed several times in the chest and neck. The coroner estimates that the mayor, who bled to death in minutes, likely died between 12:15 a.m. and 12:30 a.m. CCTV footage from across the street shows a car pulling into the house’s driveway at 12:02 a.m. and leaving at 12:14 a.m. The footage shows one unidentifiable person exiting the vehicle and entering the house.The house’s on-duty bodyguard was found dead with a single gunshot to the back of the head. The computer software executive did not pay the gang member, or any other criminal, to kill the mayor.

[[Alibis:]]

The gang member claims he was at a local restaurant from around 11 p.m. to around 1 a.m. the night of the murder. Although the restaurant's cameras were off the whole night, several other gang members at the restaurant confirmed his alibi to the police, as did the restaurant’s head chef. The computer software executive first told police he was asleep, at home, the night of the murder. He later told police he was stressed out preparing for an upcoming business meeting for most of the night